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Ellis, Harold; Susan Standring; Gray, Henry David (2005). Gray's anatomy: the anatomical basis of clinical practice. St. Louis, Mo: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone. pp. 538–539. ISBN 0-443-07168-3.

The nerve supply to the posterior scalene muscle is derived from the anterior rami of spinal nerves C6-C8, while its blood supply comes from the ascending cervical branch of the inferior thyroid artery and the transverse cervical branch of the thyrocervical trunk. Moore, K. L., Dalley, A. F., & Agur, A. M. R. (2014). Clinically Oriented Anatomy (7th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. M.H. Stone, M. Stone and W.A. Sands: Principles and Practice of Resistance Training, 1st edition, (2007), p. 175-182. Thyrohyoid, omohyoid and sternothyroid receive supply from branches of the superior thyroid and lingual arteries 5. History and etymology Depending on the type, the primary function of muscle is to move the bones of the skeleton. However, muscles also enable the heart to beat and can be found in the walls of hollow organs, such as the intestines, uterus and stomach.It is a group of inherited diseases in which the muscles that control movement progressively weaken. The prefix, dys-, means abnormal, while the root, -trophy, refers to maintaining normal nourishment, structure and function. The most common form in children is called Duchenne muscular dystrophy and affects only males. It usually appears between the ages of 2 to 6 and the afflicted live typically into late teens to early 20s. The suprahyoid muscles, as the name suggests, are found superior to the hyoid bone, and include the digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid and stylohyoid. The posterior scalene is the smallest and most posterior of the scalene muscles that arises from the posterior tubercles of transverse processes of cervical vertebrae C4-C6. It then extends posterolaterally and inserts into the external surface of the second rib. The stylohyoid is a thin muscle that extends between the temporal and hyoid bones. It originates from the posterior surface of the styloid process of temporal bone and passes anteroinferiorly and medially to attach on the body of hyoid bone. The infrahyoid muscles are four muscles located inferior to the hyoid bone, that connect it to the larynx, sternum and scapula. These include the sternohyoid, omohyoid, sternothyroid and thyrohyoid muscles.

The posterior belly arises from the medial surface of mastoid notch, a deep groove found on the mastoid process of temporal bone. Obliquus capitis superior, that arises from the transverse process of atlas and inserts on the occipital bone, between the superior and inferior nuchal lines. The inferior part arises from the anterior surface of bodies of vertebrae T1-T3 and inserts into the anterior tubercles of transverse processes of vertebrae C5-C6.

When you can move the injured area without pain stopping you, try to keep moving it so the joint or muscle does not become stiff. A pharmacist can help with sprains and strains When the vertebral column is fixed, the muscle produces elevation of the 1st rib, which combined with the action of the external intercostals expands the antero-posterior diameter of the thoracic cage. This action is important during forced respiration. The thyrohyoid muscle is innervated by the anterior rami of the first cervical spinal nerve (C1) via the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII). Its blood supply is derived from the infrahyoid and superior laryngeal branches of the superior thyroid artery, and the lingual branch of the external carotid artery. Multifidus cervicis, that arises from the articular processes of vertebrae C4-C7 and inserts onto the spinous processes of vertebrae 2-5 levels above the origin.

Rectus capitis posterior minor, that arises from the posterior tubercle of atlas and inserts into the medial part of the inferior nuchal line. Kayalioglu, Gulgun (1 January 2009), Watson, Charles; Paxinos, George; Kayalioglu, Gulgun (eds.), "Chapter 4 - The Spinal Nerves", The Spinal Cord, San Diego: Academic Press, pp.37–56, doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-374247-6.50008-0, ISBN 978-0-12-374247-6 The innervation of this muscle comes from the anterior rami of spinal nerves C1 and C2, while its blood supply is provided by branches of the vertebral and ascending pharyngeal arteries.The nerve supply to the omohyoid is provided by the ansa cervicalis. Its blood supply stems from the superior thyroid branch of the external carotid artery, and inferior thyroid branch of the thyrocervical trunk. In a parallel arrangement, the length of the fascicles run to the long axis of the muscle. There are three types of parallel muscles: All models were 18 years of age or older at the time of depiction. Porn40.com has a zero-tolerance policy against illegal pornography. When the body drifts off into sleep, it undergoes physiological changes related to body temperature, breathing rate and muscular tone. Hypnic jerks may be the result of muscle changes. Another theory suggests that the transition from the waking to the sleeping state signals the body to relax. But the brain may interpret the relaxation as a sign of falling and then signal the arms and legs to wake up. Electroencephalogram studies have shown sleep starts affect almost 10 percent of the population regularly, 80 percent occasionally, and another 10 percent rarely. The suprahyoid muscles are four muscles located superior to the hyoid bone. They connect the hyoid bone to the mandible and the base of the skull and form the floor of the oral cavity. These muscles include the digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid and stylohyoid muscles.

Skeletal muscle fibers are bound together by loose areolar tissue, known as endomysium (endo- = within) which contains the usual complement of cells such as fibroblasts and macrophages, as well as small nerve and vascular branches. If the mandible is fixed and the muscle is acting from below, it causes an elevation of the hyoid bone and larynx. This results in the closing of the epiglottis, preventing the inhalation of the food bolus during swallowing.Circular muscles (also known as skeletal sphincter muscles) have a fascicular pattern where the fascicles are arranged in concentric rings. Muscles with this arrangement surround external body openings, which they close by contracting. Muscles with this fascicular arrangement may be termed as orbicular muscles (Latin: orbiculus = small disc), such as the orbicularis oculi (which covers the eye) and orbicularis oris (which surrounds the mouth). Cesmebasi, Alper (1 January 2015), Tubbs, R. Shane; Rizk, Elias; Shoja, Mohammadali M.; Loukas, Marios (eds.), "Chapter 31 - Anatomy of the Cervical Plexus and Its Branches", Nerves and Nerve Injuries, San Diego: Academic Press, pp.441–449, doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-410390-0.00032-9, ISBN 978-0-12-410390-0 Muscle atrophy is also called “ muscle wasting”. The majority of muscle atrophy in the general population results from ‘disuse’. People with sedentary jobs and senior citizens with decreased activity can lose muscle tone and develop significant atrophy. This type of atrophy is reversible with vigorous exercise. Bed-ridden people can undergo significant muscle wasting. Astronauts, free of the gravitational pull of Earth, can develop decreased muscle tone and loss of calcium from their bones following just a few days of weightlessness.