Britain's Tudor Maps: County by County

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a b c d Pevsner, Nikolaus (1973). The Buildings of England: London- The Cities of London and Westminster. Revised by Bridget Cherry (3rded.). Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin. p.50. ISBN 0140710124. Paul E. J. Hammer, Elizabeth's wars: war, government and society in Tudor England, 1544–1604 (2003). In 1536, the Member of Parliament Robert Pakington became one of the first recorded Londoners to be murdered with a handgun. No-one was ever convicted of the crime. [107] The descendants of an illegitimate child of English royalty would normally have no claim on the throne, although Gaunt and Swynford eventually married in 1396, when John Beaufort was 25. The church then retroactively declared the Beauforts legitimate by way of a papal bull the same year, confirmed by an Act of Parliament in 1397. A subsequent proclamation by John of Gaunt's son by his first wife Blanche of Lancaster, King Henry IV, also recognised the Beauforts' legitimacy but declared the line ineligible for the throne. When Thomas Gresham died in 1579, he provided for the foundation of Gresham College in his will, which offers free lectures on astronomy, divinity, geometry, law, medicine, music and rhetoric. After his widow died in 1596, their house in Bishopsgate was used as a lecture hall. [46]

Felch, Susan M. (ed.), Elizabeth I and Her Age (Norton Critical Editions) (2009); 700pp; primary and secondary sources, with an emphasis on literature Henry Tudor, as Henry VII, and his son by Elizabeth of York, Henry VIII eliminated other claimants to the throne, including his first cousin once removed, Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury, [7] and her son Henry Pole, 1st Baron Montagu, as well as Henry Courtenay, 1st Marquess of Exeter. a b c Pearse, Malpas (1969). Stuart London. Internet Archive. London, Macdonald. pp.8–9. ISBN 978-0-356-02566-7. N. A. M. Rodger, The Safeguard of the Sea: A Naval History of Britain 660–1649 (1997), pp. 184, 221 236–37.The highest-status artists of the period were generally Europeans who have moved to London, such as the sculptor Pietro Torregiano, who was commissioned to create the effigies of Henry VII, Elizabeth of York, and Margaret Beaufort in Westminster Abbey; and Hans Holbein, who became court painter to Henry VIII and created many of the iconic portraits of the period. [157] See also [ edit ] Penry Williams, The Later Tudors: England, 1547–1603 (New Oxford History of England, 1998), chapters 6, 10, 11, 12. Marcus, Leah S.; Rose, Mary Beth; and Mueller, Janel (eds). Elizabeth I: The Collected Works (University of Chicago Press, 2002). ISBN 0226504654. London had a debtors' prison called the Fleet, for the imprisonment of people who could not pay their creditors. It housed about fifty inmates, and was notorious for its poor conditions and disease. Inmates had to pay for food, and pay rent for a separate room. [120] Treason [ edit ] The Tudor period in London, particularly during the reign of Elizabeth I, is considered a golden age of English literature, especially poetry and plays. The writer Thomas More joined Lincoln's Inn in 1496, where he met humanists and scholars such as John Colet, Thomas Linacre, and Desiderius Erasmus. [38] He later joined the court of Henry VIII and became one of his chief advisers. His writings include Utopia, a travelogue of a fictional perfect country where all proeprty is held in common and war has been abolished. [17] The period saw a notable increase in female writers and scholars, such as Mildred Cecil. [140]

The first maps of London were made in this period. One is by George Hoefnagel and Frans Hogenberg. It was published in 1572, but shows the city as it was around 1550. [8] The Agas map, attributed to the surveyor Ralph Agas, was made around 1561. [9] John Norden made maps of the City and Westminster in his Speculum Britanniae in 1593. [10] In 1598, John Stow published his Survey of London, a thorough topographical and historical description of the City. [11] Palaces and mansions [ edit ] The Lord Lieutenant was a new office created by Henry VIII to represent the royal power in each county. He was a person with good enough connections at court to be selected by the sovereign and served at the monarch's pleasure, often for decades. [72] He had limited powers of direct control, so successful Lords Lieutenant worked with deputy lieutenants and dealt with the gentry through compromise, consensus, and the inclusion of opposing factions. He was in charge of mobilising the militia if necessary for defence, or to assist the monarch in military operations. In Yorkshire in 1588, the Lord Lieutenant was the Earl of Huntington, who urgently needed to prepare defences in the face of the threatened invasion from the Spanish Armada. The Queen's Privy Council urgently called upon him to mobilise the militia, and report on the availability of men and horses. Huntington's challenge was to overcome the reluctance of many militia men, the shortages of arms, training mishaps, and jealousy among the gentry as to who would command which unit. Despite Huntingdon's last-minute efforts, the mobilisation of 1588 revealed a reluctant society that only grudgingly answered the call to arms. The Armada never landed troops, and the militia were not actually used. [73] During the civil wars of the mid-17th century, the Lord Lieutenant played an even more important role in mobilising his county either for King Charles I or for Parliament. [74]A relief map of the planet Venus. All but one of the features on the planet are named after women. From Tudor times: Jane Grey, Mary Stuart, Isabella of Spain (mother to Catherine of Aragon), Mary Sidney, Anne Boleyn and Jane Seymour. (119K) Henry Tudor, the future Henry VII, spent his childhood at Raglan Castle, the home of Lord Herbert, a leading Yorkist. Following the murder of Henry VI and death of his son, Edward, at the Battle of Tewkesbury in 1471, Henry became the person upon whom the Lancastrian cause rested. Concerned for his young nephew's life, Jasper Tudor took Henry to Brittany for safety.

Owen Tudor was one of the bodyguards for the queen dowager Catherine of Valois, whose husband, Henry V, had died in 1422. Evidence suggests that the two were secretly married in 1428. Two sons born of the marriage, Edmund and Jasper, were among the most loyal supporters of the House of Lancaster in its struggle against the House of York. Tudor castles included large windows as a sign of high status; glass was expensive. Can you find the Tudor part of the castle? Thomas S. Freeman, "'Restoration and Reaction: Reinterpreting the Marian Church'." Journal of Ecclesiastical History (2017). online Wernham, Richard Bruce. After the Armada: Elizabethan England and the struggle for Western Europe, 1588–1595 (1985)Most Londoners married in their early or mid-twenties. Families who lived around Cheapside had four children on average, but in the poorer area of Clerkenwell, the average was only two and a half. [48] It is estimated that half of all children did not reach the age of 15. [48] The average height for male Londoners was 5'7½" (172 cm) and the average height for female Londoners was 5'2¼" (158cm). [49] Mary was the daughter of Henry VIII by Catherine of Aragon (the first wife); she closely identified with her Catholic, Spanish heritage. She was next in line for the throne. However, in 1553 as Edward VI lay dying, he and the Duke of Northumberland plotted to make his first cousin once removed, Lady Jane Grey, the new monarch. Northumberland wanted to keep control of the government, and promote Protestantism. Edward signed a devise to alter the succession, but that was not legal, for only Parliament could amend its own acts. Edward's Privy Council kept his death secret for three days to install Lady Jane, but Northumberland had neglected to take control of Princess Mary. She fled and organised a band of supporters, who proclaimed her Queen across the country. The Privy Council abandoned Northumberland, and proclaimed Mary to be the sovereign after nine days of the pretended Jane Grey. Queen Mary imprisoned Lady Jane and executed Northumberland. [44] [45]

The Tudor period in London started with the beginning of the reign of Henry VII in 1485 and ended in 1603 with the death of Elizabeth I. During this period, the population of the city grew enormously, from about 50,000 at the end of the 15th century [1] to an estimated 200,000 by 1603, over 13 times that of the next-largest city in England, Norwich. [2] The city also expanded to take up more physical space, further exceeding the bounds of its old medieval walls to reach as far west as St. Giles by the end of the period. [3] In 1598, the historian John Stow called it "the fairest, largest, richest and best inhabited city in the world". [4] Topography [ edit ] At the beginning of the period, the best London schools were run by monastic institutions such as St. Anthony's Hospital in Threadneedle Street and St. Peter's Cornhill. [133] St Paul's Cathedral School was refounded by John Colet in 1510 for 153 boys to study for free. By 1525 it was so popular that applications had to be restricted to London boys only. [134] In 1531, the Nicholas Gibson Free School was founded on Ratcliffe Highway by a wealthy grocer. [135] The Tudor hall of Queen Elizabeth's School, Chipping Barnet Hampton Court Palace was built by Henry VIII's advisor, Thomas Wolsey, and acquired in 1529 by Henry, who set about turning it into a sprawling pleasure palace, with tennis courts, bowling alleys, a tiltyard, Great Kitchens and a Great Hall. It is where his third wife, Jane Seymour, died; where his son, Edward VI, was born; and where he married his sixth wife, Catherine Parr. [23] Henry also acquired York Place from Wolsey, which he massively enlarged into Whitehall Palace, [24] with a tiltyard and tennis court, [12] and a royal mews for horses, carriages and hunting falcons close to Charing Cross. [25] It was where he died in 1547. [26] In 1531, Henry seized the St. James monastic leper hospital to rebuild as St. James's Palace, [27] [28] and he had Nonsuch Palace built in 1538. [29] In 1543, Henry gave Chelsea Manor House to his sixth wife Catherine Parr, where she would continue to reside after his death in 1547. [30] In the same year, he had the Great Standing built in his hunting grounds at Epping Forest. [30]

In the reign of Mary I, 78 were burned in London alone. [127] After her reign, John Foxe collected stories of Protestant martyrs in his Acts and Monuments, published in Aldersgate. [130] Under Elizabeth I, Catholics were less likely to be burned for heresy, but more likely to be executed for treason. From 1584, anyone who became a Catholic priest after Elizabeth's accession was declared guilty of treason. [125] Instead, those burned for heresy were more likely to be from radical Protestant sects such as Anabaptism. In 1575, two Dutch Anabaptists from Aldgate are burned at the stake. [54] Courts [ edit ]